The Canboulay riots were a series of disturbances in the British colony of Trinidad in 1881 and 1884.[1][2] The riots came about in response to efforts by the colonial police to restrict aspects of the island's annual Carnival festival. In Port of Spain, San Fernando, and Princes Town, angered Trinidadians rioted in response to the actions of police.[2] The violence of the Canboulay Riots resulted in many injuries, as well as fatalities.[3][4] As a result of the riots, new government restrictions placed on Canboulay traditions.[5] New musical instruments and styles were created in reaction to these prohibitions,[6] which influenced the development of calypso and later soca. Additionally, the pre-carnival tradition of J'ouvert originates with Canboulay and the Canboulay Riots.[7]
- ^ Webb, Yvonne. "Canboulay riots in Sando this year". Trinidad Guardian. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ a b "Canboulay Riots to head to San Fernando". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ Sogren, Michele, and Ruth J. Parsons. 2008. “Carnival Fete or Conflict?” Caribbean Journal of Social Work6/7 (December): 167–85.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:9was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Marshall, Emily Zobel; Farrar, Max; Farrar, Guy (2017-12-01). "Popular political cultures and the Caribbean carnival". Soundings. 67 (67): 34–49.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:6was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ramcharitar, Raymond (2020-01-02). "The Invention of Trinidad Carnival: The New World Gleichschaltung". Caribbean Quarterly. 66 (1): 7–28. doi:10.1080/00086495.2020.1722371. ISSN 0008-6495.